Critical thinking can be framed as resting on four pillars. What are they?

It (1) presupposes cognitive abilities, (2) springs from epistemic attitudes/virtues, (3) holds to intellectual standards of argument, and (4) respects ethical/dialogical norms.

This is the central thesis that organises the whole topic — critical thinking is a kind of thinking that:

1. …presupposes certain cognitive abilities (kognitive Fähigkeiten). The raw mental machinery — perception, memory, attention, reasoning — that has to function for any thinking to happen.
2. …springs from epistemic attitudes or virtues (epistemische Haltungen/Tugenden). Cultivated character traits like open-mindedness, humility, curiosity that make your thinking good.
3. …holds to intellectual standards of argument (intellektuelle Standards). Quality controls like clarity, accuracy, relevance, logic that the thinking must satisfy.
4. …respects ethical/dialogical norms. How you reason with others — fairness, honesty in dialogue.

The first three are the focus of this topic; the dialogical (other-regarding) norms belong to a follow-on session.