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Deduction is binary (valid or not) and necessitating; induction is probabilistic (more or less likely) and defeasible. The clean contrast across the two argument types: Dimension Deductive Inductive Verdict type Binary: valid / invalid Probabilistic: more / less likely P...

Quiz: CTIU / Philosophy Basics I | updated: Jul 14, 2026

A formal fallacy is broken by its logical form (it's deductively invalid); an informal fallacy is broken by its content, context, or rhetoric. Formal fallacy Informal fallacy What's wrong The logical form of the argument The content / how it's argued Where it occurs Ded...

Quiz: CTIU / Philosophy Basics II | updated: Jul 14, 2026

Mixing disciplines and backgrounds surfaces new viewpoints and ideas — and makes the "obvious" actually obvious — but it adds complexity, needs managing, and can slow and cost more. Interdisciplinarity helps in both phases of development — finding the right problem and building t...

Quiz: CTIU / Problem Solving | updated: Jul 14, 2026

Dogmatism, populism, fundamentalism, ethnocentrism/nationalism/racism, pseudo-science and superstition, hidden interests, and plain convenience. You can characterise critical thinking by its adversaries — the stances that block or reject reasoned inquiry: Opponent What it does...

Quiz: CTIU / Philosophy Basics I | updated: Jul 14, 2026

Valid = the conclusion follows from the premises (structure only); sound = valid and all premises are actually true (so the conclusion must be true too). This is the single most important distinction in deductive logic: Valid (gültig) Sound (schlüssig) Requirement Conclus...

Quiz: CTIU / Philosophy Basics I | updated: Jul 14, 2026

Data → Conclusion, licensed by a Warrant, which is itself propped up by Backing — with an optional Rebuttal that flags exceptions. The Toulmin schema (Stephen Toulmin) is a map of how a real argument hangs together — richer than "premises → conclusion" because it exposes the ofte...

Quiz: CTIU / Philosophy Basics II | updated: Jul 14, 2026

Analytical thinking breaks a thing into parts and traces single causes in straight lines; systemic thinking keeps the whole and looks at how parts influence each other in loops. Dimension Linear / analytical thinking Systemic thinking Strategy Split into parts, study each...

Quiz: CTIU / Systems Thinking | updated: Jul 14, 2026

A context-analysis checklist for understanding a situation by observation — Activities, Environment, Interaction, Objects, Users — so you grasp the real problem before designing for it. AEIOU is a framework for structured observation, typically used when studying how people actua...

Quiz: CTIU / Problem Solving | updated: Jul 14, 2026

A disposition that hampers good thinking, research and learning — the systematic mirror-image of an epistemic virtue. Epistemic vices are character traits that get in the way of good epistemic conduct. Most map directly onto a virtue as its failure mode: Vice The virtue it bet...

Quiz: CTIU / Philosophy Basics I | updated: Jul 14, 2026

Data (D) → Claim (K), licensed by a Warrant (SR), which is itself supported by Backing (B), and limited by a Rebuttal/exception (A). Stephen Toulmin's scheme expands the bare premise→conclusion link into the parts a real argument needs. Using the German labels from the scheme:...

Quiz: CTIU / Philosophy Basics I | updated: Jul 14, 2026