How does internet censorship vary globally, and what is the overall trend?

China runs the strictest system (the "Great Firewall"); Russia and Iran censor heavily (especially during protests); Europe is mostly moderate — and censorship/surveillance is rising worldwide, even in democracies.

• China: the strictest internet censorship in the world via the "Great Firewall."
• Russia: increasing censorship, especially since 2022 (e.g. throttling YouTube heavily).
• Iran: massive restrictions, particularly during protests.
• Europe: varying levels, mostly moderate.

The trend: censorship and surveillance are increasing globally — including in democratic countries under the banner of "security."

Tip: "Throttling until unusable" (Russia/YouTube) is a subtle censorship tactic — never officially blocked, so it draws less international criticism while still degrading access.