What are the common host commands for IP configuration on different operating systems?

Question

Accepted Answer

Windows: ipconfig (and /all, /release, /renew, /displaydns); Linux: ifconfig or ip address; macOS: ifconfig or networksetup.
The single most common first question in host troubleshooting is "does this machine even have a sane IP configuration?" — and every OS has a command to answer it, just with different names. On Windows, ipconfig shows the four essentials (address, mask, gateway, DNS); /all adds the MAC address and DHCP lease details; /release and /renew force a DHCP client to drop and re-request its lease (the standard fix when a host is stuck with a bad address); and /displaydns dumps the local DNS cache. The Unix-like systems differ mainly in tooling history: Linux's older ifconfig is being replaced by the more capable ip address (which can also add/delete addresses), and macOS keeps ifconfig but adds networksetup for service-level details. Knowing the equivalents matters because in a mixed network you'll bounce between all three.
IP Configuration Commands by OS:
Windows:
# Basic IP configuration
ipconfig
# Detailed info including MAC address
ipconfig /all
# Release DHCP lease
ipconfig /release
# Renew DHCP lease
ipconfig /renew
# Display cached DNS entries
ipconfig /displaydns

Linux:
# Display interface configuration
ifconfig
# Display addresses and properties
# (can also add/delete IP addresses)
ip address

macOS:
# Interface configuration
ifconfig
# List network services
networksetup -listallnetworkservices
# Get info for specific service
networksetup -getinfo Wi-Fi

Key insight: The DNS Client service on Windows also optimizes DNS name resolution by storing previously resolved names in memory. The ipconfig /displaydns command displays all cached DNS entries.
Go deeper:

Wikipedia — ipconfig — what each switch (/all, /release, /renew, /displaydns) reveals or does, plus the ifconfig counterpart.