What is "circularity" (Zirkularität) in a system, and what produces it?

Influence that runs in a loop instead of a straight line — produced by feedback, where an effect becomes a cause that feeds back on its own origin.

In linear thinking, A causes B and the story ends. In a system, B can loop back and change A, which again changes B — a feedback process (Rückkoppelung). This circular causality has consequences:

• "Cause" and "effect" stop being fixed roles; each is both, depending where you cut the loop.
• Behaviour can run away or self-stabilise without any outside push, just from the loop feeding itself.
• Blame becomes slippery: in a vicious-circle argument, asking "who started it?" misreads a loop as a line.

A good mental image is an "impossible staircase" that climbs forever and yet returns to where it began — the path is continuous and self-referential, with no real start or end, the way a feedback loop has no first cause.

Tip: Whenever an effect quietly reaches back and nudges its own cause, you've found a loop — that's circularity.